NLP Ecology Redefined by Annegret Hallanzy
Although many NLP techniques do not fulfill the requirements
for comprehensive change, they do achieve second order learning as
described
in Brief Therapy. (Brief Therapy is
understood to be any therapy that, from the onset, is limited to anywhere
from 10 minutes to 10 sessions. Here, Brief Therapy is considered to be
synonymous with coaching. Since many coaching sessions have emotional
problems at their root, they are often handled in the same manner as in
Brief Therapy.) It is important to differentiate between coaching and
in-depth life-change counseling or psychotherapy.
I include brief descriptions of these techniques for two reasons.
1, the level of coaching directly
rises in consequence of expertise in goal setting and by correctly applying NLP
techniques. 2, annotations found under Ecology describe some limitations of NLP methods.
Since few NLP trainers teach the same techniques in the same way, the Short Descriptions
are meant to be a foundation for Ecology discussions and not to teach technique. The
NLP techniques are presented in the order that they were made public.
The coach is designated as "B", the client as
"A".
NLP Change Personal History
Application: Client A's wish. ”I want to have some
inner skill or capability every time I begin to feel unpleasant feelings (K-)
for this and only this situation in my life.”
Brief description: The negative feeling (K-) is anchored. Client A
defines the desired (K+) resource qualities that he would like to have at his
disposal in the
situation that causes K-. Client A is brought into the success bringing situation
via VAKOG and all the good feelings associated with it are stack-anchored.
Using the negative anchor, client A searches for the triggering event. The now
reinforced negative feelings are coupled with the resource anchor K+ until
client A enters into an acceptable emotional state that enables him to now react
differently than before in the respective situation.
Ecology - A question arises, why a client has not already succeeded in activating
his own resources for the problem context? Why must coach B remind client A that
A already has resources? This is as absurd as the commonly
asked NLP question: „What do you need?” If a client consciously knew the
real answer, the client would solve the problem!
That is exactly why the crucial point in generating resources is not in
searching for already experienced resources, but in using small talk spiked
with paradoxical humor and encouragement. This induces
client A with such good feelings that A can allow himself multiple good states on
his own, despite knowing all along exactly what topic is going to come up
next. It is the relationship between coach B and client A that becomes the most
significant resource for mastering past failures with a significant or
important other. The anchor in reality anchors B as the resource, so that
client A can regress and experience the past differently.
After coach B has used small talk to establish a strong anchor for K+ qualities
and has finished the VAKOG search for client A’s desired capabilities, the
ecology-check comes in. „Using the help anchor, do you now want to explore, what
this negative feeling is all about?” If client A congruently affirms,
coach B intuitively
knows that A has gained enough resources through his connection with B to
reframe the original situation and handle it adeptly in the present. If
client A is incongruent in spite of the resources gained through coach B, this
suggests either a case of K+ with recurring or permanently traumatic
content, or coach B has not yet succeeded in spontaneously generating
and anchoring A with sufficient resources.
NLP Phobia Technique
Application: Client A's wish „I want to be able to
do everything that is not possible now, because trigger X sets off a phobia”.
Brief description - The panic reaction is anchored and in a dissociated
state the past is searched for the triggering event. In a well anchored
double dissociation (if necessary take on a third dissociation) alienate the
submodalities of the triggering event. While continuing to alter the
submodalities, A then associates himself into the fast rewind. If the
trigger event has been suppressed until this NLP session, it becomes
necessary to heal the experienced relationship. While in first dissociation,
the film is stopped at the worst moment and the younger self is sent a good
fairy or mentor to comfort this younger self and bring
him to safety. A then „takes these two into his arms” and assimilates
them.
Ecology - Astonishingly often, client A is not pleased about
being able do everything he could not do because of the phobia. To
find A's secondary benefits, coach B can investigate A's unconscious
objections.
Often a phobia symbolizes repressed capabilities. Angst themes
that have not been totally worked out with parents are internally
split off and projected as childlike parts onto a trigger (e.g. insect, bird
and animal phobias). Apart from that, triggering events are not only moments of fright,
but often situations of loss, This points to other relationship issues that
indirectly show up as secondary gains.
The phobia technique should not be applied if secondary benefits are
involved, as is usually the case! Should this be ignored,
additional symptoms often appear so that the phobia does not disappear
completely or permanently. If A's objections are analyzed and handled with
other techniques, the phobia disappears by itself and forever!
As people can dissolve phobias on their own, a question arises about whether it
is necessary to teach the unconscious a
„phobia technique” to shake off panicking over some trigger?
Perhaps the unconscious is so intelligent that it can model how a person has in his
past successfully shaken off other panic reactions.
NLP 6-Step-Reframing
Application - A's wish: „I want alternatives for
a certain annoying behavior.”
Brief description - After numerous metaphors and reframes (to test the
persistence of the annoyance!), coach B convinces client A that the part responsible for
maintaining the behavior has good intentions. A then directly and politely
approaches the unconscious part and establishes involuntary signals
kinesthetic are best( for yes and no. A then asks this part. „Are you ready
to tell me your good intention?”. Is the answer yes, the intention is
directly requested and checked through signals. „Do I know all, now?” Is the
answer is yes-no, ask „Would you be willing to have a conference with the
creative part to give you ideas as to how you can reach the same result but
in a different way? You can decide, whether you like this new idea better
than the old behavior.” After alternatives have been gained in this manner,
again using general terms, ask inwardly, if there are any other parts that
would mind if these alternatives could be tested over a certain period.
These objections are also creatively handled.
Ecology - It is vital that client A not only wants to get rid of the annoying
behavior, but also congruently wants alternatives. Test for this congruent
wish for alternatives (without fear of a symptom shift with new tricks!)
after metaphorically reconciling the good intentions. If client A congruently
confirms wanting to have alternatives, this is a sign that the subsequent
signaling agreement will work.
6-Step-Reframing - Reframing should not be applied if the disturbing behavior
is emotionally loaded, as in compulsive behavior,
semi-compulsive addiction or threatening illness. 6-step reframing is more appropriate for
mistakenly acquired habits than for compulsive behavior. This should
be checked in the beginning, to ensure that objections at the end remain
manageable.
The concept of a creative part does not foster
integration. Instead it supports the notion of independent
competencies. When I teach 6-Step-Reframing, I let the addressed part
symbolize a younger, misunderstood self, who can present his intention to
the other personality parts. Then in a creative conference the younger
part can solicit advice from other parts and as a result become
integrated!
NLP Conflict Reframing & Visual Squash
Application (never!) - client A's wish:
"I want to have the resources of both parts
available at one time.”
Brief description - Two parts that are in conflict with each other are
dissociated onto both hands. B asks each part about its intention. Both parts
either co-operatively negotiate their intentions into an agreement or coach B
rephrases their intentions until the parts reach accord in a more abstract
value. Then the parts are, either symbolically or with the help of the anchors,
melted together.
Ecology - If coach B does not accept that client A
wants to be rid of the conflict, but also asks A "Do you really want all the
resources connected with each of these parts simultaneously", A will never
congruently say yes. Even during my own practitioner training I wondered:
„Why don’t two personality parts get the idea themselves that they could
mutually assist each other or actually want the same thing?" As the saying
goes, divide and conquer. Some third part could be a laughing winner.
There is a secondary benefit in every conflict. This benefit
will not appear if not requested. Unconscious objections always show up, if
after having found the common goal or intention, coach B asserts without any
undertone of doubt, „Marvelous, now the two parts can collaborate! What
great potential arises if both work in accord for value X! ... Would you
like that?” This is the case, even if one leaves out the „Would you like
that?” part.
The third part organizing this conflict loses its secondary benefit, if, as
is common on in the NLP scene, the parts are nevertheless integrated without checking.
In the long term this causes either diffuse symptoms or physical illness.
Since the direct experience of integration was
such a relief in the beginning, client A does not connect these after-effects with
B's conflict negotiation. I think that Robert Dilts'
„Einstein-Integration” is more ecological. Dilts confronts the convictions
on a clear abstract level and then uses the metaposition to reframe them on
a higher logical level.
When one works with personality parts, the objecting third
part should be the centre of attention! Making first contact with this part,
followed by a little trance to reconcile the sub-selves, often gives as much
relief as explicitly assimilating the parts. (This usually automatically
occurs anyway, when A puts his hands together without prompting)! Just as the
third part raised objections to the co-operative collaboration between the
first and second part in reaching a joint value, it is possible that a
fourth part may arise and protest against the contention of the third, and
so on.
In summary: undesirable and hardly recognizable delayed reactions can result
when the resources of two parts are joined together without attention
to the existing secondary benefit of this conflict. Applying conventional
Conflict Reframing is therefore not ecological. „Conflict Reframing with the
third/fifth part” can be performed, if A defines his wish as „I want to know
the positive effects of this conflict”.
NLP Deep Trance Reframing
Application - Client A's wish: „While I am mentally elsewhere,
I want Coach B to directly invite the part that keeps my annoying behavior alive
to a conference on generating alternatives.”
Brief description - Applying the principles of 6-Step-Reframing,
coach B uses signals to directly converse with the unconscious part in a
conference, without client A realizing it.
Ecology - A has a right to know what deep trance is and what the conference
is about. Partly because of learning effects or because the results can be
tested using unconscious signals, A often prefers to personally confer with
the inner sub-self as in 6-Step-Reframing.
Regardless, this technique is outstanding for inviting different parts to a
conference dedicated to deciding how to advise client A in harmonically and/or
healthfully mastering a difficult phase of life. B will often get A’s
consent to do deep trance-work, if the disturbing issue exists as a general
orientation rather than as a specific habit.
NLP Reframing through Metaphors
Application - Client A is either already in trance as a result
of „goal hypnosis” or wants to reconcile with a sub-self within 3-10 minutes.
Brief description - If one is well trained in using the client’s
metaprograms and problem structure to present new contents, one can use
small talk to weave in stories about other clients and to delve into A’s
questions concerning goals or lost possible solutions with
the client B observes A’s physiology to gather information about what fits
for A.
Ecology - no objections
NLP Re-imprinting
Application - Client A's wish: „I want to feel good
about going after goal X.”
Brief description - Place three paper anchors to form a time line on the
floor, one standing for the goal that A congruently wants to achieve, one
for the present and somewhere way in the back one for procreation. B then
asks: „What keeps you from achieving your goal? Or, "Why haven’t you reached
your goal yet?" Spontaneously K+ sets in. On the time line representing the
past, in an associated K+ state go back to the original experience of
failure. After expressing the belief that was formed as a result of this
experience of failure, client A moves to a metaposition outside the time line.
Using role models, including A himself, he beams resources to all the
important others until they feel good (an associated state check is
suitable). In this fantasy scene the younger A is now treated differently. A
steps into the fantasy, K’ immediately sets in, accompanied by a new
belief that is anchored. With this feeling of K’, A walks into the
present and one step into the future.
Ecology - Preparation is necessary to find a congruent
goal or even a congruent goal direction. In many
cases the goal will become irrelevant once it is systematically
questioned. If, as is unfortunately often the case, proper goal setting is
not done before re-imprinting, the following happens: Although Re-imprinting
dissolves unpleasant feelings, the negative consequences that could
have been discovered by stepping beyond the supposed desirable goal on the
time line go unnoticed. Thus the client gets even worse. Anyone encouraging someone
to pursue a goal in a direction the person does not wish to follow, must
deal with increased objections in the form of fuzzy consequences.
Aside from that, before going back into the past B should test, „Is this K-
that you are now feeling, (the unpleasant feeling that keeps A from
taking that first step into the goal) something that comes and goes or is
it something you have often, perhaps even as a continuous feeling in life?” Is the latter the
case, then Reimprinting should not be applied Core or meta-beliefs cannot
be completely dissolved in this way. They are more than just emotional
trauma. They also constitute relationship bonding problems.
Therefore, Re-imprinting is not a therapy technique intended to reconcile
deep-seated bonding problems with significant other people. On the other hand,
Reimprinting is an outstanding method to re-evaluate certain types of failures and deal
with them with new feelings. Re-imprinting is best suited for known traumatic failures. In this case, it is not necessary to do an
associated walk on the time line. Everything can be done on the screen.
NLP Future Self (Aligning the logical levels on a timeline - Dilts)
Application - Client A's wish „I want to progress towards target X with good
feelings.”
Brief description - The technique has two main components: generating future
resources on the time line in the target state and aligning the logical
levels. Building up the future self, client A walks over the anchors on the floor
progressing to and over the preliminary target until he gets himself into
the as-if desired target state „Behave as if you already knew that you can
do it, that it is possible and worthwhile.” This „future self” can then look
back and encourage the present self.
Alignment: Coach B lays out floor anchors across the time line. Client A walks in and out
over them bringing behavior, capabilities, beliefs and values, identity and
transpersonal affiliation with the „mission” in accord.
Ecology - the target state is unspecified and sometimes involuntarily
instills in the client an underlying feeling of irrelevance. The alignment
process enhances the artificial nature and further suppresses awareness. The
client does not learn to objectively question his overall target and remains bound to
(unconscious) basic assumptions or beliefs.
The long term ineffectiveness of this technique has a definite advantage:
deeply unconscious problem constructions remain, so unpleasant delayed
reactions are rare. In summary: generating a goal and with it anchoring a
„future self” is harmless resource generation, useful for up-time. It cannot
be considered in-depth goal setting. For this reason, one should refrain
from (pseudo) aligning the logical levels.
NLP Time Line (TL), Mentoring and Resonance (Dilts)
Application - A's wish „I want to live through this specific challenging
phase of life X resourcefully or I want to resourcefully complete a certain
project Y”
Brief description - According to Dilts, mental mentors are models on the
identity level. Their mere presence generates resonance within client A as well as
between A and the mentors. This type of resource generation done on the
future time line and can also be supplemented by mentoring. Just as a future
self can encourage the self in the here and now, so can imaged future
mentors or existing mentor also activate A’s future self. They can walk
beside the timeline, all the while accompanying and encouraging him.
The Resonance Pattern is an intensive and deep working version of
mentoring. Three mentors (almost automatically, one for each representational
system appears) are built up to help and encourage A on
his way. They are distributed somewhere around the here and now on the TL.
From a distant meta-perspective, A is then asked: „Do the three mentors have
a common underlying message?” A stands in the present simply listening to B
play the three individual messages through, each time adding the common
theme. A lets the words work on him. The resulting strong resonance resource
is anchored and taken into the future.
Ecology - Time Line mentoring with all its variations is ecological
because A plans each step. Unfortunately, Dilts offers this and other
techniques (with Re-imprinting and the like) to anyone
attending his seminars or to any possible client visiting his health
workshops. In this way he creates the impression that split off sub-selves
can be contacted and illnesses cured. (Curing his mother of cancer is an
example of a special mentoring relationship!) Why
foster unrealistic hopes without clarifying the scope of application for
certain techniques?
On the other hand, if the Resonance Pattern is not used therapeutically, but
to assist in mastering a challenging phase of life or to complete a project
that A has to do anyway; that is, if no goal conflict exists, then
the systemic collection of mental mentor becomes a fantastic overall
resource. It combines well with the previously described TL Resource
Generation.
NLP Meta Mirror (Dilts)
Application - Client A's wish: „I want to have a
new way of dealing with person X”
Brief description - Using
chairs as anchors, A dissociates and describes the problematic relationship
loop. A also dissociates himself from the sub-self that makes judgments
about him while in the loop. This frustrating internal self-judgmental
dialog interchanges with A’s behavior towards person X. The two
resources gained through this method are piled onto the same anchor. In a metaposition,
client A uses the stacked anchors to future pace encounters with
person X. Dilts presented this during his first workshop in Germany.
Ecology - The Meta Mirror is often associated with everything except
the above process. I
regret this because it is effective. The technique dissolves
psychological transferences or projections (which are always present in
endless relationship loops), should A mention person X again in answer to as-if
questioning of the projection while in the above mentioned metaposition,
holding the resource anchors.
In applying this technique it is substantial that client A not have any primary
inner conflict as how to deal with person X as such, and not suffer before
or after meeting with X as a result. He must congruently desire a change in his
actual dealings with X. This guarantees that no attempt is made to transform
deep seated personal bonds (i.e. release symbiotic relationships or
unredeemed responsibilities of co-dependencies or settle entanglement over
new values), for all of which this technique is not
appropriate.
NLP Failure into Feedback
Application: Client A’s wish: “I want to leave my
failure X in [frequently occurring] situation Y”.
Brief description: Unfortunately, similar to the Meta Mirror, this procedure
is sparingly described in Dilts´ book, so that its potential and efficacy
are understated. Failure into Feedback makes use of the eye movement model
to dismantle a failure. Coach B anchors the eye direction that accesses the
representation of a failure that still hinders client A in mastering similar
situations. Next, B repeatedly directs the client to look in this direction,
and then asks A to name, individually and sequentially sensory-specific
representations. Then B asks A to suspend these representations far to the
right and far to the left, into the corresponding eye accessing fields.
Sometimes coach B needs to support his leading gestures with auditory anchors, to
support the notion that A places his representations somewhere at his side.
The procedure is continued, until in the original failure-representing
direction, A only sees what is externally visible. This
technique requires great sensitivity, since initially much of the content
[of the failure] is unconscious and suppressed. Principally two different
K-’ must be found. One K- is triggered by the original reaction to the
unpleasant real-life experience, the other K-, although associated with
[failure] X, stems from an earlier [unpleasant] experience.
Now we enter the reconciliation or reframing-phase. Once the failure is no
longer associated with a simultaneous double K-, the intention of each of
the suspended representation can be examined (similar to examining the
intention of personality parts). The resulting reconciliation enables A to
create an attractive, goal-picture of situation Y. The goal-picture is
subsequently enriched with new perceptions from unused channels hinted at by
empty eye accessing fields.
Ecology: The central point of this technique is
that A wants to grant himself success in situation Y, and of course A must be congruent. If
instead A is using situation Y as a means for coming to terms with the
original trauma, then this technique becomes laborious. In such a case A
might not see anything at all in the problem representing direction, (unless
this suppressed representation has been securely suspended somewhere using
an “as-if-you-knew-where-to-put-this-thing” maneuver) or A constantly sees
too many representations simultaneously.
Some people avoid certain eye accessing fields (abnormal
eye-patterns), since these people may have (in my experience
always!) imprints. For example: “Child, don’t daydream so much!” (later he
avoids Vc), or has traumatic memories (later he avoids Vr/Ar) or his inner
evaluation is disturbed (he avoids Ad/K) by early oversize responsibilities.
“Failure into Feedback” cannot resolve such disturbances and is therefore
more appropriate for preparing for success!
NLP Timeline Therapy>® (Tad James)
Application (never) – Client A’s wish: “I want
to get rid of feeling X forever”.
Short description – The timeline is imagined as a line, above which one
mentally floats high enough so that one can view it’s entire length. To rise
in ones imagination above all memories and future plans is already, in
itself, a powerful state. One can “travel” above past or future and
even beyond future into pure light, or far into the past above the timelines
of one’s ancestors or past lives to the elements of origin and into even
more abstract resources, which appear beyond the “beginning of
creation”.
The states over a far future are utilized to charge concrete goals with
motivation and to disassemble fear of certain events. In the past, negative
feelings and corresponding beliefs are triggered in the sequence: anger,
then fear, then sadness. Thus a life-frame is created for a whole chain of
situations in which a certain belief had been confirmed.
This starts with identifying an original situation in which the
negative feeling first appeared and the belief was created. Then the emotion
itself is followed further back, as if it had already appeared in past
generations or in former lives. Then A mentally travels further back
“before the first occurrence of the negative emotion”. With the hypnotic
formula “And where is this feeling now (in view of the imminent situation in
the timeline of an ancestor or a former life)?” the negative feeling is
dissociated. The emerging positive emotion is utilized during the return-flight
to reframe all failures that had so far confirmed the
belief.
Ecology – To me the idea of Tad James' Timeline Therapy ® seems genius, however it is
dangerous in its above described, extremely unecological application. The
dangerous aspect is that an emotion is disconnected while A is in an
extremely resourceful state, as in some meditation techniques (Tad James,
by the way, developed his floating maneuver from Huna,
or Hawaiian shamanism). If something like this is set up for a long-term
effect (generalization over the timeline), then the younger self is stripped
of possibilities to point out, maybe in a somewhat limited way, unused
opportunities. However, the integration of such a contribution – and thus
long-term healing – is only possible, if suitably detailed goal-work has
been done.
In my own case, the effect of timeline therapy lasted a long time, that is
to say, several ongoing negative emotions seemed to have disappeared.
Nevertheless, these emotions eventually returned with such a fury and
in such irrational manner, that I wished I had never “charmed them away”.
I later observed a similar effect with clients who either received timeline
therapy or in another way had dissociated from younger selves– as instructed
by coach B – by addressing inner parts in more or less the following manner:
“Don’t you agree that this emotion does not contribute to pursuing your
intention and instead has the opposite effect? Are you willing to let go of
that emotion?” If somebody treats children that way, the children really
shift – towards withdrawal! This resolution of negative emotions increases
inner dissociation.
If I stop feeling anger, I cannot perceive that I am allowing my values to
be hurt. If I don’t feel anxiety, I cannot notice that my values are
endangered. If I don’t feel sadness, I won’t perceive that I miss
opportunities to live my values. This inner dissociation is far worse than
experiencing seemingly irrational emotions.
Besides that, Tad James even deals with guilt by this method, without
considering that guilt indicates conflict. Once the corresponding conflict
is dissolved (see Conflict-reframing), guilt disappears. If guilt is levered
out or severed, this conflict indicator is lost. Of course, this loss comes
as a temporary great relief for A, who after such a timeline therapy,
radiates good feelings – but pays later with diffuse unpleasant emotions
and symptoms of senselessness!
Timeline Therapy® is a hypnotic technique (as is all Tad James’
“therapy” as well as his crash-courses for NLP practitioners and NLP masters)
without a clearly defined goal, and let’s not talk about sense. Coach B can apply
this technique of floating above the timeline with congruent goals, which do
not need additional motivation.
Besides that, “timeline crashes” may happen if there are general
objections to creating a happy future. About crashes into past traumatic
experiences, I don’t want to think about.
I doubt that people who attended speedy and hypnotically taught courses
in Timeline Therapy ® can recognize or deal with such dangers.
As unecological as Timeline Therapy ® is, the genius concept of floating over a
timeline has been integrated into the deep reaching VoVa changework
with emotions. Compared with
Tad James’ method, the VoVa timeline techniques have the advantage that –
besides a different attitude towards emotions as something sensible – no
world-view is suggested (past lives or transfer of emotions across
generations). A client can easily understand the floating technique as a
metaphor.
NLP Core Transformation (Andreas)
Application – Client A’s wish: “I want to get
rid of an inner or outer behavior X”
Short Description – Since this technique is unusually well described
by Connirae Andreas, and since the description and the seminar
presentations correspond to each
other (what a rarity in NLP!), I will be brief. A non-reconciled part,
which maintains a certain inner or outer behavior, is dissociated into one
hand and asked about its intention. The question “What is important about
this? [the part’s behavior, and later the part’s intention]” follows this
intention into increasing abstraction until A finds a state that cannot be
verbally described. This “Core State” is [anchored and] maintained, while
the intentions are sequentially reframed all the way back to specific
behaviors. This process is repeated while the client is associated [with the
part]. The Core State can be induced into the timelines of the parents so
that it generalizes as life-feeling for client A.
Ecology – As a procedure, Core Transformation is ecological. The Core
State, being an overall resource, has lasting stability. However, I would
like to render the approach in the Core Transformations book a bit more
relative, as Core Transformation is presented almost as a path to
enlightenment. If coach B is in good rapport with client A, it is possible to elicit
unending non-verbal states beyond the Core State. Every question towards
abstraction (e.g. “Who are you?” Answer: “X.”; “Who are you being X?” etc.)
generates abstract and therefore powerful resource states.
However, resourceful states are not in themselves a sign of
spirituality, in terms of integrity. A prerequisite of Core Transformation
is that client A can identify and dissociate all inner parts which participate in
the inner dialogue. This [identification and dissociation] is impossible
with identity loss or deep inner dissociation (such as
emotional disturbances, compulsions and severe psychosomatic
diseases). It makes quite a difference whether Core Transformation is
applied to people who are only curious or if it is used as a reconciliation
technique in therapy. I would strongly discourage the latter.
There is another reason. In spite of all generalization tricks,
Core States end when questions about sense of life arise as
life-challenges. Core Transformations do not resolve the root-cause of why
personality parts became so permanently independent
that they can’t learn anything from each other (see 6-step reframing) or
from mentors. This is why after several months, a problem re-organizes their
problems on another level – with diffuse parts that are difficult to
identify. (A therapist who worked with Core Transformations for years
while teaching it internationally, confirmed this to me.)
Core Transformations is a wonderful, deep reaching reconciliation technique.
However Core Transformations should not be applied with a claim to change client A’s sense-of-life.
Such a claim can only lead to client A’s deception and an unpleasant relapse.
[ Client Abuse by Therapists
. Student Abuse by Trainers
]
© Annegret Hallanzy 1994 All rights reserved |
